2.dos Issues with established analysis
While the dowry is lawfully prohibited inside the Asia and you will Bangladesh, anybody constantly hesitate to tell you right dowry number. The product quality concern for the dowry in the Indian dataset requires about community-created dowry. Eg, the fresh new India People Creativity Survey requires “Generally in your community to possess a household particularly your personal, which are the sorts of items that are supplied as the gifts during the time of this new daughter’s matrimony?” A community-founded dowry isn’t the same as a single dowry, that is paid off of the bride’s mothers during the time of matrimony. As an alternative, practical question regarding dowry allows only a digital respond to, we.elizabeth., even when a positive quantity of dowry are paid off (elizabeth.grams., Questionnaire into Status of women and you may Fertility both in India and you can Pakistan). A binary respond to, however, doesn’t promote much much more information. The norm from if a positive dowry count is provided matches to, in fact it is mainly told me because of the, ethnic, religious, and you may caste experiences into the South China.
As dowry is not legitimately blocked when you look at the Pakistan, the total amount actually paid back by the women respondent’s moms and dads are going to be requested versus scheduling for the an excellent Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Outlying Family Questionnaire. In the event Pakistani interviewees may well not intentionally hide real information about dowry methods, this new questionnaire may nonetheless consist of keep in mind problems as the respondents have to remember the latest dowry count repaid because of the the moms and dads previously. Figure 1a plots of land the fresh forecast quantity of actual dowry beliefs mentioned within the Pakistani Rupees from inside the 2004 on to relationships season having fun with study of new Pakistan Outlying Domestic Survey. Due to the fact consensus would be the fact genuine dowry number is actually expanding, or at least showcase a low-decreasing development, the latest profile suggests all round desire of keep in mind errors. Simply put, the newest extended the new gap involving the interviewees’ wedding while the remember time, the much more likely he could be so you’re able to overestimate the latest dowry count.
Relationship between ladies ounts. The new range shows the new predict real level of dowry regressed into the ladies marriage seasons. This new shady city suggests 95% depend on interval of one’s forecast number of dowry. The information and knowledge sourced elements of (a) and (b) try Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire 2004, together with outlying domestic questionnaire held by the author during the 2013, correspondingly
3 Study
Toward good all of our knowledge, research accumulated within study are definitely the first to consider explicitly a general habit of overestimate an expense paid down extended in the past. Much like the properties out of in earlier times amassed study, ours are also retrospective; yet not, predicated on this desire, we such as for instance implemented certain work to reduce questionnaire recall mistakes. Instance, we requested the amount of one another people-situated dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry matter paid in the course of the new respondent’s wedding (retrospective). Because the Pakistani dowry includes silver/jewellery, attire, chairs, cooking equipment, and the like, we queried dowry quantity by items. If we thought a beneficial respondent’s overestimation of one’s dowry count, especially in the situation out of a marriage one occurred a beneficial very long time in the past, since dowry are presented, we could and you will did see such amounts which have people that went to the ceremony. Thus, the research for the predict genuine amounts of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not reveal any decreasing pattern, in contrast that have those individuals said into the Fig. 1a.
step 3.1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a pop over to this site list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).